The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example

The Italian approaches of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example The Italian approaches of Frederick Barbarossa Paper The Italian approaches of Frederick Barbarossa Paper Paper Topic: History The Italian approaches of Frederick Barbarossa, German ruler and Holy Roman Emperor hugy affected medieval Germany during the twelfth century. The subject of religious versus mainstream power broke out during the heads rule when Germany was viewed as the most grounded government, having expert in Italy and the remainder of the Roman Empire. All was good and well at Frederick Barbarossas promotion in 1152 to reestablish majestic expert in Italy which had been in downfall since the Investiture challenge. Anyway this objective tossed the Holy Roman head into a contention with the papacy, a hindrance that would demonstrate too difficult to even think about overcoming so as to accomplish all that which the sovereign idea was denied to him. Anyway the Papacy additionally took care of holding Frederick in resistance. The Italian strategies were extremely degree and were done fragmented. The rulers Italian strategies at which he intended to recover from the papacy what he thought he was qualified for, were questionable yet inventive. Frederick pointed, with the assistance of Chancellor Rainald of Dassel to recreate the Holy Roman Empire to return it to the greatness long periods of Rome and exercise the power that the Ottonian rulers had done. 1This fight for land was fundamentally an approach to build his incomes so he could keep what power he had in Germany over his most compelling vassals, something his supreme court sought after overwhelmingly. The authority over the Papal States in such a medieval framework implied in principle he was leader of Rome, however since the time the Commune coordinated against the papacy had been set up in 1143 in Rome the discussion had been vociferous and entangled. This would not just make an assembled and solid domain, it would likewise scrutinize the job of formal attire in the papacy. This extraordinary design2 was announced straightforwardly to the congregation in 1158 with the Roncaglia orders. The papacy resented this break from the Peace of Constance of 1153, (at which they had been partners) and his assurance to practice authority, particularly in focal and Northern Italy, declared in the Roncaglia orders. 3 The Roncaglia orders announced he would continue all formal attire, whole intensity of Bannus; full exercise of locale over all issues influencing property, life and freedom. This hostility, the papacy felt conflicted with the authority of God since the congregation ought to have authority over everything, and it brought about a break of the ecclesiastical collusion and a split among the congregation. The papacy profoundly restricted the autonomy of numerous Lombard urban communities and would not permit any expansion in supreme force in Italy. 4 The head started his Italian strategy quickly, finishing four crusades into Italy in 1164 and supporting numerous supreme popes during the 1160s. Significantly prior he had set up majestic principle in Milan, during the hour of Hadrian IV, with little restriction from the papacy5 yet Milan discovered partners in the cooperatives of Brescia and Piacenza. Milan was taken in 1162 and later pulverized which limited the counter magnificent alliances prospect for progress, while he constrained Alexander III into banish and enthroned Paschal III, a German in St. Dwindles in 1167. 6 The restriction of the Papacy to the Italian strategy started with the progression of Alexander III, the heads most considerable rival. The papacy had just discovered partners in the Lombard city of Milan after the Roncaglia Decrees. Majestic guideline over Milan was immediately addressed two years after Frederick had taken Milan 8when Manual I, the Byzantine sovereign sorted out a resistance in Venice, the League of Verona with its partners Verona, Padua and Vicenza, including the Norman King. This demonstrated to maybe make the best progress in restricti ng the Italian strategies of Frederick Barbarossa in Northern and Central Italy. The papacy went further in resistance under the governmental issues of Alexander III by banishing the ruler after he built up Paschal III as pope. The papacy at that point proceeded in its resistance in 1167 when the Imperial armed force was crushed outside Rome, by broadening the League of Verona by aligning itself into the Lombard League in 1167, while simultaneously the pope contributed huge entireties of cash. This demonstrated to wreck a significant number of Fredericks desire and addition support for the papacy. Alexander III picked up the help of France and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, while in Denmark and Poland the rest of the partners of the majestic pope were ousted. 10 A year later Alexander had the option to set up the city of Alessandria with the assistance of the League. The city of Alessandria was to the ruler an image of ecclesiastical accomplishment, and despite the fact that endeavors for settlement with the pope proceeded, the nearness of the Lombard League was somet hing the sovereign couldn't permit during harmony. The Italian approach again won with the fifth battle in 1174 against Alessandria. The ruler again confronted rout and had the option to make harmony in Montebello with the League, yet the Italian arrangement by and by disrupted the general flow when Frederick couldn't acknowledge the incorporation of Alexander III in the harmony. Fredericks obstinacy in following his Italian strategies (even contrary to the papacy) anyway was debilitated and a little achievement was conceded to Alexander. The skirmish of Legnano in 1176 brought about a close to finish devastation of the majestic matchless quality in Italy and persuaded the ruler to accommodate with the pope. 1 Negotiations at Anagni accomplished an extensive settlement 12 among head and pope. The sovereign had to revoke the Matildine grounds and partner with Alexander. He conceded some autonomy to the urban areas he controlled in Italy and acknowledged the job of overlord. At this stage the Italian arrangements of Frederick had fizzled and the papacy was triumphant. The new relations with the pope had not annihila ted the Italian arrangement, however had rather finished this time of contention in the Peace of Venice in 1177. Bargain was the point of both Pope and sovereign at the Peace of Venice. Frederick surrendered his concept of mastery of Italy consequently he stayed in charge of the German church, proof that the papacy was not as fruitful in practicing the possibility of an ecclesiastical government and that much strain had been put on its power over this period. 13 Peace with the Lombard class and Norman King anyway was not so much a thrashing of the Italian approach, it had removed a significant part of the authority of Fredericks in Northern Italy however it had left him the authority of the German church, in spite of the fact that this was not in Italy it implied the papacy was back where it began. Fredericks strategy got concentrated on the Matildine grounds and focal Italy. The Peace was broken when Frederick proceeded with his Italian arrangement during the 1180s; it was the cost of quietness over numerous issues (at the bargain of Venice) which were to offer ascent to the difficulties. 14 Frederick vindicated the skirmish of Legnano in 1180 which was later trailed by the tranquility of Constance in 1183. 15 The Peace of Constance implied Frederick had to permit the individuals from the League to include broad sacred freedom inside the city dividers and the city region. Be that as it may, Fredericks rights which could make enormous monetary benefits inside the city remained. Anyway with the demise of Alexander in 1181 there followed a line of aloof popes who agreed to the ruler during his last Italian battle (118-6) in this manner fortifying his impact in Lombardy. By 1189 trade off was again on the table and the papacy was conceded various places in the Patrimony of St. Diminish, restoring the zone around Rome as a Papal area. The papacy was left encircled at the passing of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190 when his child Henry VI got connected with to the beneficiary of the Norman Kingdom of Southern Italy. Frederick despite everything held regulatory force in certain pieces of focal Italy however his Italian arrangement had fizzled. The Italian strategy had fizzled in light of the fact that it didn't respond to the subject of clerical versus royal position. Frederick Barbarosssas plans of incomparable mastery over the whole Holy Roman realm were not accomplished, yet however he yielded a lot of what he wished to pick up it isn't to state either that the papacy was totally fruitful. ) It had drastically modified the spot of the papacy in the church16 and left the Holy Roman rulers replacements with numerous cases unanswered. The firm stance of Alexander III had not been proceeded and the ruler was left for at some point unopposed. The Lombard cooperatives can be perceived as the genuine explanation the papacy developed effective 17 yet the papacy had the future to manage, a future that discovered them encompassed by the Holy Roman Emperors authority. Both the ruler and the Papacy followed through on the cost of contention, however the Papacy was fruitful enough to immobilize the Italian Policy of Frederick Barbarossa.

Listening Report Family Values Tour 98 Essay Example For Students

Listening Report ? Family Values Tour 98 Essay At the point when I plunked down to do a Listening report the previous evening, I began thinking, Who am I joking?. I am never going to push myself to tune in to 15 Jazz CDs in a week and a half, so I will do the rest of my listening provides details regarding music that I like to tune in to. You may think it overcomes the motivation behind listening reports, yet that is false. What these folks play may seem as though vigorously contorted clamor, and as well much shouting played at excessively high of volumes to the normal grown-up, and truly, it is. Be that as it may, there is music, and consistently 1000s of children are attempting to show themselves their most loved main events, and that is the manner by which we figure out how to play our instruments in any case. Along these lines, presently that Ive persuaded you WHY I am doing this listening report, here is the genuine thing: The tune (the just one by this gathering) on the CD is New Skin by Incubus which is truly cool, in light of the fact that to a great many people it sounds a ton like rap, yet to me it is a truly quick paced elective music tune on the grounds that of the real instrument playing (not highlighted in the essential drum tracks of rap music) and the rehashed theme, which sounds truly cool in light of the fact that the bassist and lead vocals play and sing on an ideal fourth. The second gathering on the visit is Orgy. Their greatest main event is Blue Monday, which is a truly kickass change of the David Bowie Original. Its about a few fellow who loathed Mondays, so he went out and shot a pack individuals, for the most part kids I think, at a few show WAY once upon a time. At that point David Bowie composed a melody about it, and it was under a great deal of warmth. Be that as it may, presently, Orgy made the melody HUGE. It is an astonishing tune. Blow out has an extremely extraordinary sound. They are kind of an Electro-Punk band. They have a few extremely no-nonsense guitar riffs, however they likewise got a few sweet Synth tracks and stuff that way. The best thing about them, however, must be their Vocal Bends. They got this cool reverberation y clamor included to their voice. Bash likewise performs Dissention and Sex. The following gathering is Limp Bizkit. These folks co-featured the visit, and performed such melodies as Confidence, youve likely heard individuals singing this melody. Its another redo, I have no clue who composed the first or why, yet its a cool tune, ;Wouldnt it be decent, If I could contact your body . . . . That is the opening of the melody. They additionally revamp an old House of Pain melody, ;Jump Around;. The Next two gatherings are ICE Cube, the Rap craftsman on the show, and Rammstein. The two gatherings in my supposition are horrible, so I just wont discuss them. The last gathering is the superstar. Korn. They played out a Medley of a portion of their most noteworthy tunes, and some unreleased melodies. It was called the Shot Liver Medley, and it included the titles: Gives Ladders (A variety itself, of a lot of Nursery Rhymes to a punk beat), Justin, Unsurprising, Ball Tongue, Divine, Kill You. They moreover sang a portion of their other tremendous hits like Freak on a Rope (the one we tuned in to in class two days prior) Twist, which is the best melody on the planet since everything he does is go completely mental shouting unadulterated jibberish for 4 minutes. What's more, Got the Life, which is a tune about how rich they are, yet they dont ruin themselves and despite the fact that their verses might be upsetting, they are for the most part pleasant folks. This is an arrangement CD, so I won't name every one of the 20 .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .postImageUrl , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:hover , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:visited , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:active { border:0!important; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:active , .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f3 4d9d126bfab .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0c3bdec15fc884e4b56f34d9d126bfab:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle Essaysome odd performers. .

Guest Articles I Wrote In 2009

Guest Articles I Wrote In 2009 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Guest Articles I Wrote In 2009Updated On 17/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oziDiS CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogGuest Blogging does what Google doesnt. Yup that is correct. It increases the backlinks, traffic and also develops a good relationship with other blog owners. Below are my Guest articles on various Popular Technology Blogs I wrote on 2009. For my readers convenience, I prepared a list of blogs available for guest blogging. If you want to become a guest blogger for my blog, you are most welcome and please do read the guidelines before preparing.  Writing Makes A Man Perfect  Devils Workshop10 Ways To Give Gmail More PowerTechie BuzzTips to Remember Before Gifting GadgetsTechnically Personal5 Reasons To Create A Mobile Site For Your BlogQuick Online Tips (QOT)How To Transfer Domain Name To New Registrar?TeeniusTips Fo r Getting Solid BacklinksShout Me LoudBlock Visitors From Specific IP Address Using .htaccess MethodTeeniusUsing Internet Forums For MarketingMillion Clues3 Ways To Change WordPress Default UsernameChidimarShow Post Titles On Category PageMillion CluesFour Free WordPress Hosts ComparedSo in how many blogs you have written Guest articles? ??READCreating Content That People Want To Read

Cell Phone Use A Social Addiction - 939 Words

Today’s society is a generation that is being raised on conveniences, and with this generation, cell phone use has exploded. Millions of people are obsessed with their cell phones and literally will not leave their house without it. People center everything they do around their cell phone. People are checking their text messages and social media day and night. They face time, tweet, Pinterest, Instagram, and Snapchat. Teens on their smartphones. Photo Credit Highwaystarz-Photography/iStock/Getty Images No matter where a person is, at work, the doctor’s office, a child’s school play, and even at the dinner table, people are checking their phones. Many people are now using their phones as a work tool. They check their emails, do their banking business, and pay their bills on their cell phones. Cell phones have become a social addiction and in doing so have brought about health issues such as sleep deprivation and anxiety. Even though cell phones are a modern convenience with many good qualities, and have changed our lives in some good ways, they have also changed out lives in some bad ways. Cell phones have had more of a negative impact than a positive impact in our lives. There are many examples of how cell phones have changed our lives in some negative ways. We will now take a look at some of the ways that cell phones have had a negative impact in our lives. Perhaps the most alarming example is people are using their cell phones in the car while driving.Show More RelatedCell Phone Use Impaired Safety And Performance1060 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Early adolescents are using cell phones with increasing frequency. Cell phones are known to distract motor vehicle drivers to the point that their safety is jeopardized, but it is unclear if cell phones might also distract child pedestrians.This study was designed to examine the influence of talking on a cell phone for pediatric pedestrian injury risk. Cell-phone use impairs driving safety and performance. This impairment may stem from the remote partner’s lack of awareness about the driving situationRead MoreHow Cell Phones Affect Social Behavior1282 Words   |  6 PagesMobile Phones on Social Skills Kelly Schriever, Matt Seeberger, Mary Sweet, Emily Putnam Elizabethtown College March 17, 2014 Today we live in a world where communication through modern technology is almost required. Everywhere people are texting, emailing, writing blogs, and tweeting. It’s hard to go anywhere without seeing someone using a phone or the internet to connect with others. Most people would feel lost without the use of their phones. Of course the use ofRead MoreCell Phone Addiction Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe cell phone has become a centerpiece of everyday life as cell phones are evolving and have been increasing their functionalities. Today, we use them today for many others reasons than what cell phones were originally designed to do. People are using them so often that they are becoming dependent on their phones that they have even become addicted to them. Those who are addicted to their cell phones struggle to stay away from them for a certain period of time and become so indulged in all of theRead MoreAn essay on cell phone addiction.1227 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phones: A ddicting or Not? Are we addicted to our cell phones? This is a common question that has arisen in the past several years as our phone technology and capabilities continue to increase. According to recent statistics, 85% of the U.S. population are cell phone users (Chen).We Americans use our cell phones to do just about everything. We talk, text, check our E-mail, surf the Internet, and interact in social networking, all on our phones. Because our phones have become so resourceful toRead MoreSmartphone Addiction1491 Words   |  6 Pageswith the phone no matter where we are. In response, experts are coming up with new technology to broaden their market. According to the article  Addictive Personality and Problematic Mobile Phone Use the main reason behind the cell phone addiction may be the smart marketing of cell phones as a status symbol. Having the phone has become a way to identify oneself. However, we always need to consider the  pros and cons  of the use of smartphones. And there are  s tatistics and stories about the phone addiction  andRead MoreImpact Of Cell Phones On Society1509 Words   |  7 PagesImpacts of Cellphones use in Society Advancements in technology have resulted in the invention of devices and machines that increase the efficiency and quality of life. Notably, the design of the cellphone and the internet highlights the latest technology that captivates both young and old. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our society. Primarily, the development of cellphones which combine different sophisticated features has made the device one of the necessities of life. So far, statisticsRead MoreCell Phone Addiction Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagescivilization, cell phones are being relied on more by everyone and destroying society and the education of those in school. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, a cell phone is a wireless portable communication device, but phones are seen as more of an answer to every problem rather than just a communicating device. Cell-phones are the center of todays society, they are relied on for everything from finding the answer to a simple question, to finding the de finition of a word. Cell phones are seenRead MoreCell Phones are Higlhy Addictive1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion cell phone subscribers in the world. (â€Å"UN says world has 6 billion cell phone subscribers, 2.3 billion Internet users†). With a number this high one must ask whether or not cell phones are more beneficial than they are harmful. Everyone recognizes the benefits of cell phones, but how often does society acknowledge the harms that cell phones induce on the public. The simplicity of communication through the use of cell phones does not outweigh the distractions caused by cell phones, becauseRead MoreSmartphones Taking Over : Smartphones Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages40 Cell Phones Quotes†) Is this what our world has come to? Are we humans so dumb that we are now ruled by this fancy gadget called the Smartphone? Of course smartphones are often very convenient and helpful, give us access to each other in the blink of an eye, and make us appear smarter than we truly are, but can too much of a good thing easily become a bad thing? Smart phones do not always benefit the user as experts and cell phone developers claim. Frequent smartphone and cell phone useRead MoreEpidemic Levels of Addicted to Cell Phones1556 Words   |  6 Pages Cell Phone Addiction There is a growing problem that could reach epidemic levels in the next ten years. Its an addition effecting men, woman and children. Were talking about cell phone addiction. You might question the validity of this, but when you stop and really think about how far we have come with the advances of cell phones, the dots start to connect; the amount of people using phones, the purpose of the phone, how the younger generation perceives their phone and the profits to be made

Essay on Heroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish...

Heroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy In Elizabethan drama, it was accepted that the villains of the piece would, because of their evil methods and aims, be revealed and punished - in other words, justice would be served. The problem, however, arises when the heroes of the piece use the same methods as the villains. I use the term hero warily, as the traditional hero of a revenge tragedy is one who would at first seem completely unsuited to a revenging role; Heironimo is portrayed as being too old, while Hamlet is seen as being too young. It can be generalised that the revenger starts off as being dissatisfied with the events have happened prior to the play, and it is an event within the play that catalyses his†¦show more content†¦Heironimo, on the other hand, is almost completely unwilling to start once he receives the first sign of who to be revenged upon, indeed he thinks it to be a trap laid for him by Lorenzo. It is only after his wife kills herself; when he is left with nothing to live for, that he starts to activly seek revenge. It I this transformation from passive victim to active revenger that marks the beginning of the compromisation of the revenger. He or she turns away from the idea that God is the ultimate revenger, and takes the law into their own hands. This decision is the compromising one, rather than the act itself. The techniques that each character uses are remarkably similar not only to each others, but to the villains of the play. Both rely upon machiavellian tactics; they both feign madness to seem unthreatening, then proceed to strike when least expected: I will revenge his death! But how? Not as the vulgar wits of men, With open, but inevitable ills, As by secret, yet certain mean, Which under kindship will be cloaked best. The Spanish Tragedy III xiii 20-24 This behaviour is echoed by Hamlet following his meeting with his fathers ghost. This insanity, this posturing and preparation for revenge, though for a good reason, is undoubtedly machiavellian. It is arguably the case that the insanity that both characters experience is not entirely faked, as both undergo extreme mental stress. This very real insanity isShow MoreRelatedHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. Read MoreRevenge Conventions In Hamlet Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a play written by William Shakespeare that very closely follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. All revenge tragedies originally stemmed from the Greeks, who wrote and performed the first plays. After the Greeks came Seneca who was very influential to all Elizabethan tragedy writers. Seneca who was Roman, basically set all of the ideas and the norms for all revenge play writers in the Renaissance era including William Shakespeare. The two most famous EnglishRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1252 Words   |  6 Pagesof some importance. Like many of Shakespeare’s protagonist Hamlet is regarded by many as a tragic hero. They place him in the ranks of characters like Othello, Romeo and Antony. However, even though Hamlet shares many similarities with these characters and possess many of the attributes outlined by Aristotle, he ultimately does not f all into the trap of vengeance. Throughout the play the members of the Danish court attempt to poison Hamlet with different narratives and push him into vengeance. ItRead More A Christian Reading of Hamlet Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesA Christian Reading of Hamlet      Ã‚   In a famous article, The Christian Tragic Hero, Poet W. H. Auden defines a Christian tragic hero according to the Judeo-Christian view that all people are moral agents and own responsibility for their actions. One of his examples is Macbeth, who listens to the witches and is tempted to commit a crime that he knows is wrong. Auden says that the audiences response to Macbeths fall is, What a pity it was this way when it might have been otherwise. ThisRead MoreEssay about Aristotelian Philosophy and Plays1777 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy and Plays According to Aristotelian philosophy a tragedy is a compressed development of a single plot. Aristotles principles have been derived from Greek mythology. He studied their plays, which had been enacted and hence laid down a set of rules. All playwrights and authors have followed his rules for centuries his rules have been considered a guide to a well-written tragedy. Aristotle states that for a play to be a tragedy the play should consist of a genre and generic attributesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 2273 Words   |  10 PagesShakespeare was an English playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for his tragedies. Most of his tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and 1608. One of these tragedies is his famous play Hamlet. The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the Western world. ShakespeareRead MoreBiography of William Shakespeare2130 Words   |  9 PagesRomeo and Juliet. Macbeth. Hamlet. All of these plays have one thing in common. They were all written by a man named William Shakespeare. Now a household name, Shakespeare wrote a great number of plays and poems during the Elizabethan era. His work is studied by students everywhere, and his tales of adventure, c omedy, and romance enjoyed by many. However, what if another author truly deserves the credit for his literature? Debated by historians for centuries, Shakespeare’s authorship has been challengedRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 PagesDiscussion 19 Act 2: discovery 21 Ferdinand 21 Discussion 22 Conclusion 24 References 24 Further reading 25 Next steps 25 Acknowledgements 26 Figures 26 Don’t miss out 26 Introduction This unit, on the first two acts of John Webster’s Renaissance tragedy The Duchess of Malfi, focuses on the representation of the theme of love and marriage in the Malfi court, and the social conflicts to which it gives rise. The unit guides you through the first part of the play and will help you to develop your skillsRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pagesfrom top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonlyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesabout the organization that reflect the ebb and flow of the organization’s history – these are referred to as the organizational sagas that tell the story of how the organization has achieved what it has achieved. There are also the organizational heroes (who personify the organizational values) and the villains (those who have failed the organization in some way). In approaches to organization culture that discuss it as something that an organization is rather than something the organization has

Shakespeare s King Lear Appearances - 1704 Words

In Shakespeare’s King Lear appearances are not always reflective of reality. While in many scenes throughout the play characters are disguised, their identities concealed behind a physical shroud, the theme of appearances versus reality runs much deeper, making the lines between love and hate, foolishness and wisdom, and cruelty and innocence ambiguous to both the characters and the audience. As the play progresses, a veil of ignorance seems lift, elucidating the truth of each matter to the characters and to the audience. As the curtain rises, appearances immediately rush in to cloud the truth. In the very first scene of the play King Lear announces he will divide his Kingdom amongst his daughters, awarding portions of the land based upon their professions of love unto him. First to speak is the eldest, Goneril, and what she says seems to Lear an honest statement of adoration: Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter, Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty, Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare, No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor; As much as child e’er loved, or father found; A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable. Beyond all manner of so much I love you. (1:1 60-67) While by all appearances her words do portray an image of strong filial affection, her feelings, the audience later discovers, are masked by a veil of greed. In her protestation, Goneril says that her feelings of love are â€Å"Beyond what can be valued,† however, the trueShow MoreRelated Shakespeare?s 10 things Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphors of death-King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Othello 3. Humor- A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It 4. Pastoral settings- Ling Lear, A midnight Summers Dream 5. Madness and insanity- Othello, Midnight Summer?s Dream, King Lear 6. Reversal- the main character falls from a high place 7. Letters- King Lear, Merchant of Venice 8. Things are not as they appear- King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night?s Dream 9. The Father/Daughter Conflict-Midsummer, King Lear, Merchant of VeniceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of King Lear1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragedy of King Lear: William Shakespeare, a playwright of the 1600 s, has been well known for writing many plays and poems. His play titled The Tragedy of King Lear is remembered globally and is learned in many schools today. A continuous theme in King Lear is a disguise, which consists of many different forms. There are physical, manipulative, and figurative disguises. In the beginning of the play, characters already fall into this category. In the first act, King Lear is at old age andRead More Tragic Figures in King Lear by William Shakespeare Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesGood/Evil in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial conflict, personal transformation, and loss.   The story revolves around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two daughters.  Ã‚   A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and betray their father.   With these and other major characters in the play, Shakespeare clearlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. Many of his plays about love are widely praised by all, but Shakespeare s King Lear differs from the rest due to its definition of love. King Lear serves as an battleground between decept ion and compassion, between flattery and honesty. Rather than focusing on romantic loveRead MoreSympathy Seeking : A Thousand Acres From Shakespeare s King Lear2906 Words   |  12 PagesTallamraju Ms. Laura Fitch AP English 12 1 April 2015 Sympathy-Seeking: The Alteration of Characters and their Circumstances To Manipulate Audience Sympathy in Smiley’s A Thousand Acres from Shakespeare’s King Lear There are few names as commonplace, ubiquitous, and recognizable as that of William Shakespeare. His enchanting story telling, complex plot twists, and brilliant usage of rhetoric make it easy to understand why connoisseurs of the English language are devotees to his style of writing. HoweverRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear2504 Words   |  11 PagesLear s endeavor gets revitalized with every generation that hears the saga, whether from myths, fairy tales, or from King Lear itself. A timeless story, King Lear remains one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies for its universal themes involving communication, morality, and family. The fall of characters in King Lear presents audiences with the frailty a community can exhibit from rulers’ pride. Stressing this message, Shakespeare mirrors the main plot surrounding Lear s family with the sub-plotRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream And Fool1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Shakespearean fool is a rec urring character type in the works of William Shakespeare. While their individual personalities and functions differ from play to play, the reoccurrence of the Shakespearean fool suggests that fools serve as an important institution of the Shakespearean stage. But what is the role of the Shakespeare’s fools in his works? And how do particular characteristics about these fools help them achieve this purpose? Through an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare’s arguably twoRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. 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Therefore, he is the perfect disguise. No one would ever suspect Poor Tom of being Edgar, because Edgar is

Strategic Marketing Management for Brand Loyalty - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Marketing Management for Brand Loyalty. Answer: Introduction Brand loyalty refers to as the propensity of the customers to make the regular buying one brands product over an alternative. The loyal customers continuously obtain products from their desired brands irrespective of the price of the product. In addition, there are numerous companies who use marketing strategy to make customer loyal (Nam, Ekinci and Whyatt, 2011). Advantages of loyal customers Repeat business: - Loyal customers make the repeated purchase of the products and service from the brand which helps the brand to conduct the repeat business. Cross-ups selling opportunity: -The customers who make the purchase, again and again, are able to form the good connection with the business which helps the business to get an opportunity to cross-sell products. This will help the company in enhancing sales volume and acquiring new customers. Reduce marketing cost: - Business will be able to save the amount of marketing as word of mouth is one of the effective tools in marketing. A loyal customer can make the other potential customers aware of the brand. Example of product Nike Inc. is an American multinational corporation that is involved in the development, manufacturing, and design of the products. The company offers different products like footwear, shoes, apparel, and others. Strategies used by Nike for generating customer loyalty for Nike shoes The way of presenting brand- Brand presents itself as high-end, high-performance and product catering for athletics which makes the customers loyal. Emotional branding- Nike advertisement for the heroism inspire customer loyalty by making the customer emotionally connected towards the Nike shoes. Moreover, the company offers innovation in their products which attracts the customer again and again towards the brand (Westwood, 2015). Consistency- The brand is consistent towards the quality of the products with the innovation which motivates the customers to show loyalty towards the brand. Offers and discount- There are some customers who become loyal towards the brand when they find fair prices with quality. References Nam, J., Ekinci, Y. and Whyatt, G. (2011) Brand equity, brand loyalty and consumer satisfaction.Annals of Tourism Research,38(3), pp.1009-1030. Westwood, R. (2015) Three Ways To Build Brand Loyalty [Online]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanwestwood/2015/07/30/three-ways-to-build-brand-loyalty/#2b82fe6a79c3 [Accessed on 21st March 2018]

Understanding the Creator of all Things

Introduction Does God exist? If He does, is He the God of the Bible, Islam, or Mormonism? Discussions of whether God exists and/or whether the world was created or made from some scientifically explainable processes have continued over the years.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding the Creator of all Things specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religious leaders, naturalists, scientists, philosophers, politicians, and atheists have given their views about the existence of God. However, there is enough evidence in science, spirituality, and material elements that prove God’s existence. Both science and philosophy have proven the existence of a supreme being that ordered the creation beyond human understanding. Moreover, despite the many ‘gods’ that exist in the religious arena, philosophical and scientific evidence indicates that the biblical God is the true God. This paper seeks to explore the topic of understanding the creator of all things. The aim is to confirm that the biblical God is the true deity. Evidence of God’s Existence Complexity of the Universe and its Continued Existence According to Bialecki, various philosophical, scientific, and religious facts indicate that God exists1. Every monotheistic religion believes in a certain supernatural being. Although the names that are accorded to such a being vary by religion, God’s powers in most religions are almost similar. God guides morality and order in virtually all religions. According to Bialecki, analysis of the universe indicates that its perfectness and complexity must have a force that triggered its existence2. The size of the earth appears to have been well calculated to function over the years. The fact that the earth has a self-regulating gravitational pull that extends only 50 miles above the surface is another indicator of a work of a perfect designer. The earth forms a satis factory self-regulating habitat for living things. It has oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas for their use. The perfectness of how the earth is designed brings people to the fact that if the earth were disorderly, the atmosphere would be smaller or bigger, a situation that would trigger the balance that has been witnessed since time immemorial. Bialecki reveals how the composition of gases on earth is well calculated to sustain life3. The other evidence that shows that there is a designer behind the earth’s perfectness is the distance between the earth and the sun. This distance enables temperatures around the earth to be life sustaining.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such temperature differences range approximately from negative 30 and positive 120 degrees. What is amazing is that if the earth were further from the sun, temperatures would be lower. Th e moon’s position ensures that ocean tides are continuous with no stagnation. Since there is no valid scientific process that has been confirmed to trigger the formation of the complex universe, scholars have concurred on the existence of a supernatural being who must be responsible for this mystery. The Universal Nature of Water The nature and reliability of water by all living things in the world is another indicator a mysterious force that triggered the creation of the universe and everything that is found in it. Water is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless substance that is universal in many processes. According to Clanton, the fact that all living things have water as a major component of their bodies is a sufficient proof that God was at the center of this designing4. This solvent enables living things to exist in a range of weather conditions. Minerals, chemicals, and nutrients that are required by human beings, animals, and plants are transported through water. Accor ding to Warfield, the surface tension of water also signifies the existence of God5. For example, water is able to move upstream in a plant from the roots to the leaves. Water is also created in a way that it freezes from the top in cold places such as the Arctic. Freezing from the top surface ensures that aquatic creatures can continue to survive even when temperatures are very low. The water that evaporates moves up to the atmosphere and cools to form rains that drop on the surface of the earth to ensure continuity of life. This observation means that water moves around the world in a cyclic way. The Structure of the Human Brain is beyond Science and Philosophical Explanations The human brain is designed in a way that science and philosophy have failed to explain fully. The brain is able to do multiple activities at the same time. For example, it can detect and distinguish temperatures, colors, pressure, smell, and even texture.Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Understanding the Creator of all Things specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brain orders the rest of the body to respond in a particular way in different situations. The human brain is designed as self-regulating factory that is in charge of its internal and external environment. The brain regulates the number of times that a person needs to take in air, the movement of body structures, the voice produced, the sitting posture, and all activities that bodies do with people’s little concern. Mion asserts that the fact that an individual’s intelligence can interpret millions of facts every minute is beyond understanding6. It can select important things from what is unimportant to an individual. The intelligence factor in a brain shows the work of a creator. This unique intelligence cannot have resulted from some energy or light banging, but from God (Mion, 2012). Evolution Explains Changes in Living Things, but Fails to Explain their Origin The evolution theory by Charles Darwin that has been relied upon by scientists to explain the origin and evolution of life has completely failed to explain origin of life. Darwinism explains the changes that occur in animals, plants, and human beings because of mutation, natural selection, use and disuse, and other factors. However, evolution has no answer to the origin of the life forms that it claims to be evolving. For example, if human beings originated from apes, evolution cannot reveal who created the apes. If the claim by evolution that birds originated from reptiles is true, it cannot justify who created them in the initial stage. Living and non-living things cannot exist from nowhere and start responding to changes in their immediate environment. In addition, Mion asserts that scientific theories fail to explain how non-living things such as stones, seabed, and bedrocks were created7. They do not reveal the origin of their raw materials. This observation leaves an important gap to be filled. The adaptation of living things for survival and mutual coexistence shows a force or being that is behind their design. For example, the fact that a bee has structures that are adapted to suck nectar from flowers and other structures that carry pollen grains that fertilize the next flower they attend is amazing. This ensures continuity of the plants that the bee and its offspring will depend on for food in coming days. The adaptation of various animals and plants to survival in harsh weather conditions without dying shows the work of an intelligent creator.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, a fish can live in water all its days but dies immediately it is pulled out of water. Besides, certain plants such as the cactus are able to survive in the scorching sun of the deserts. It is undoubtedly that God is behind these mysterious observations Geographical Distribution of Flora and Fauna Evidence of existence of creatures that have similar bodies and DNA composition in far and different continents is an indicator of the work of a creator. For example, there are plants and animals in Asia that are found only in South America. The distance between the two continents and the absence of such creatures in the in-between land and water goes beyond scientific and geographical explanations. For example, there are cabbage and tree varieties that are found in India and South America only. This observation cannot be attributed to the effect of continental drifts. If this effect were the cause, similar plants would have been found in the continents and islands that lie in between. Similarity in color and structure of many living creatures in Africa relative to those of South America also indicates the work of a creator. Moreover, all human beings, white or black, have similar body structures and functions. For example, a white man in Carolina can donate blood to a black man in India if their blood groups are similar. If evolution theory were true, people in different continents would be different due to changes in their environment. However, human beings from different continents can communicate and reason together. These pointers indicate the existence of a creator who ordered and organized all these activities to happen. The Origin of the Earth Science continues to depend on the ‘big bang’ theory that explains how the universe was started by one bang of energy and light from an unknown origin. According to this theory, this bang and explosion that resulted formed different life forms, space, air, sky, non-living things, and everything that is in the world. Bombarding of energy can result in some chemical reactions. However, this bombarding fails to explain how such an explosion resulted in the formation of different lives. If it were true, every bomb that explodes in Palestine, as Palestinians fight with Israel, would be resulting in some form of life. On the contrary, explosion of such bombs results in the destruction of life. It is also beyond scientific explanations to justify the origin of materials that formed the light that contributed in the bang, the origin of the forces that led to the explosion, and the origin of the materials that made different life forms after the big bang explosion. How can an explosion generate a human being, a plant, consumable gases, the sky, the soil, or an animal? If explosions were to be responsible, scientists would then be using such forces to develop new life forms. Who then distributed these life forms in such a well-calculated effort of placing every life form in its best adapted environment? Vanhoozer’s work offers a clear answer to this question8 Can the big bang forces be intelligent enough to know the qualities, structures, and adaptations of creatures that originated from it for these creatures would be positioned only in their best-suited environments? Would the big bang divide gases and the force of gravity in a way to ensure that the gases that are important for survival of living things remain within their reach. According to Bray, the origin of creation indicates that a creator was present9. The preciseness of the order of creation shows beyond reason the masterwork of a creator. The Laws of Nature Control the World According to Clanton, the laws of nature are also beyond scientific and philosophical explanations10. For example, the earth will revolve round the sun in specific number of days. The gravitational pull of the earth remains consistent. Besides, time remains consistent in a typical day. The whole universe is a sphere that obeys rules on the number of revolutions and rotations that it makes. In addition, the earth follows a certain path that is designated for that specific purpose. Unfortunately, if it were to get out of the path, everything in it would collapse. Who orders these rules? Who ensures that the rules are followed since the earth came into being? Scientific logic cannot account for the precise nature of these activities of the world.  Logic holds that the world is not a thinking being that will use its brain to regulate the activities that take place in it. The power to control gravity, the distance between the earth and the sun, and/or to ensure that nothing falls, despite its rotation, is astonishing. The order in the universe is beyond a coincidence of things that just happen and/or continue to happen ever since its creation. Scientists have acknowledged that nature is mysterious and that it is organized in a mathematical way. The only thing that scientists do is to prove the mystery using numbers. For example, they prove that the speed of light is the same in every part of the world. They calculate the number of evolutions that the world makes in a year and/or the distance between the earth and the moon. However, they do not prove their origin. The laws of human and animal reproduction to ensure continuity of generation are also beyond science. In fact, the mystery of how the first creature emerged indicates that there was a creator. The DNA Coding and Instruction System The presence of DNA that instructs billions of cells in living things to undertake various activities and/or behave in a certain way indicates presence of God. The DNA is the instruction manual that has to be adhered to by the body cells. For example, the DNA has certain codes that are designed for specific factors. The codes are abbreviated as A, T, G, and C by human scientists. These specific codes are very precise in their operations. This manual defines a creature and its adaptability, beh avior, and temperaments. Every cell of a human being contains billions of these codes. These DNA codes give instructions to the cell at well calculated times. They instruct on how the body will grow at all times. Science is lacking on explanation of how such DNA chemicals, which have the ability to give instructions, are grouped together in a single cell. The intelligence of the cell to give the correct information to the rest of the body is also beyond the scientific logic as Van Til asserts11. The DNA is programmed like a computer. Besides being self-regulating, it gives information according to the codes. The question of who programs these strands in such a coordinated way brings in the aspect of a creator. The Origin of Life and Death According to Gebauer, Berlin, and Maio, the fact that science cannot explain the origin of life or the indispensable component of life (cell) also calls for the attention of a super creator12. Scientists and doctors can carry out maintenance functi ons of life, but they cannot create it. The puzzle of death has been referred to as a mystery by all scientists. Logic cannot explain the way of death, its value, and the consequence of death to a dying creature. Scientists have tried to develop sophisticated machines that can support life, but they have never found the means to create life. Life humbles the doctors to accept the existence of a force that is far beyond their knowledge and ability13. If science were able, people would never die. In fact, the inability to sustain life stems from people’s inability to create it. The factor that erodes or the mechanism that puts a halt to the human life remains a puzzle to scientists of the world.  The presence and emergence of diseases that have no cure is another puzzle to the scientific world. Scientists have spent days and nights in efforts to discover and develop medicine for diseases such as Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. However, despite the billions of money that have bee n invested by the world in fighting diseases, new diseases will still emerge to threaten people’s existence. The fact that senior scientists are dying out of Ebola in the western part of Africa and in America indicates a force that is beyond the very science they adore. The composition of the killer material and its origin again goes beyond science. God proves his ability by taking lives that scientists are determined to defend. This observation is evidence that there is some power that is beyond the human understanding. The fact that human cells grow and become dysfunctional at old age is also a mystery. Why do people die at old age? Why has science not been able to prevent old age and/or death that results from it? All human beings look forward to growing old and eventually dying. If science and philosophy had the power to stop growth towards old age, great scientists such as Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, and Christian Bernard would not have died. The fact that scientist s who discover so much in the field of medicine end up dying is mysterious. How does someone end up dying, despite his or her ability to invent heart transplant surgery? This puzzle brings the aspect of a powerful creator who controls what is to exist, what is to die, and the general order of things in the world. Atheists have Failed to Disapprove God’s Existence Although atheists from across the world believe that there is no God, the above discussion lays bare evidences of a God of creation. Kraay and Dragos affirm that atheists believe that there is no god or God14. They have devised arguments that different gods, which are worshiped by world religions such as Islam, Buddhist, Hindu, and other religions, are fallacious. Efforts to prove that there is no god in the world has made them defend their claims over the years. The arguments behind their believe is that the God who is depicted in the old testament of the Bible and the Quran accept rape, genocides, murder, incest, a dultery, and other social evils. Atheists will quote a section of the Old Testament that is adored by both Christians and Muslims in discrediting their God.  Since atheists have no god or God to defend, their efforts are geared towards discrediting the gods who are worshipped by believers in supernatural beings. For example, they will ask why god is so violent and/or why he would be so brutal to kill more people than Satan has killed in the recorded history of the Bible. This position is developed from biblical records in the Old Testament. In addition, they also prevail on believers to explain why their God who they depict as being so good, generous, and humble punishes his own people with everlasting fire for their sins. To them, if God were as good as Christians depict, he would have forgiven all or controlled how they behave so that they do not sin. However, the fact is that even a father who loves his children so much goes on to punish them when they go against his orders. Th erefore, God is justified to punish people who go against his authority. Arguments by those who believe in the existence of a creator of all things are also untrue to atheists who question why the creator cannot control morality. According to atheists, there is no need of a religion or God to control morality. Atheists believe that morality is natural and that people are moral or immoral due to their fear of punishment or lack of that fear. To counter the arguments of believers, atheists claim that most of the immoral activities such as sodomy, lesbianism, murder, and corruption are done by astute openly publicized believers such as pastors, priests, and even bishops. However, the fact that God gives people the authority to regulate their behavior does not discredit his existence. Atheists also fail to prove their creator, saying that the creation issue is beyond their understanding. Atheists also use scientific facts that have been discredited in this discussion to prove that thing s just happened naturally. For example, they will rely on the big bang theory in explaining the origin of the earth and the evolution theory in explaining changes in living things. However, these theories start at a certain point, thus leaving learners afloat. Who would have created these forces? Can something originate from nothing? According to Helseth, Craig, Highfield, and Boyd, this puzzle discredits any argument that does not uphold the existence of a creator15. Therefore, it is imperative that a creator of all creation exists. This discussion has proven so using science, philosophy, and religion. Why the Biblical God is the True God If God of all creation exists as discussed above, one would ask, ‘who is he?’ Which religion in the world believes in this God? Debate concerning the true and untrue God persists in the religious world. Although atheists try to prove that there is no God, most of the people in the world believe in a supernatural being as Feinberg obse rves16. Kraay and Dragos affirm that various believers in supernatural being have collided and even fought in an effort to prove that their God is true as they discredit that of others17. For example, there have been bloody battles between Christians and Muslims over beliefs and places of worship. Scholars have questioned the status of later days if there is a God since regions crop up every day. For example, if there will be heaven and that Christianity is the true religion where will the Muslims, Hindu, and Buddhist go? However, a true God who created the world exists. This section confirms that the God of Christianity is the true God of all creation. Revelation of Jesus Christ God has revealed Himself in Christianity in a more explicit way through Jesus Christ than in any other religion. Other religions identify the key personalities who ever existed as forecasters such as seer Buddha or Mohammad. However, in Christianity, the key personality in worship (Jesus Christ) identified Himself as God. The earlier revealed seers did not liken themselves to God. However, in several instances, Jesus Christ claimed to be God. This uniqueness separates him from these other prophets. Jesus claimed to be God in trinity where He is joined together with His father in Heaven. Jesus even went ahead to prove that He was God by exemplifying the attributes of God. For example, he raised several people from death, He healed the sick (New International Version Mark 1:34; Matt 8:13), He authorized nature like wind, He walked on water, and claimed to be the only connection between man and God. None of the other prophets in any other religion raised people from death, commanded nature, or even rise from death as McCormack confirms18. This observation is an indication that the God that Christians pray is the true God. He is a God who can give life that science has failed to understand. Foundations of Christianity Christianity is founded on Judeo-Christian beliefs. In explaining the o rigin of the universe in Judeo-Christian, Froese and Bader confirm that only God can create it19. Compared to Hinduism and other religions that base their foundation on science, the big bang explosion did it. However, there has been lack of evidence in the oscillatory theory of how explosions happen. This gap declares the Judeo-Christian way believable. The gap between science and Christianity is narrower compared to the gap between science and Quran. For example, the Quran teaches that God created seven heavens and then separated them. As Charnock reveals, Christians believe that God created the universe, one thing at a time20. Muslims believe that God created the universe and then placed mountains to make it stable. On the other hand, Christians believe that God created the world and then caused Mountains to rise from it. This position is closer to the scientific proof of volcanoes and eruptions. Depiction of wind, currents, and sea creatures by the Bible long before science disco vered them is a further proof that the Christian God is true. Conclusion There is enough evidence to show that God of all creation exists. Christians have been able to prove that the God of creation is their God through Jesus Christ. Such evidence ranges from the complexity of the universe and its continued existence, the universal nature of water, the structure of the human brain, failure of evolution to explain earth’s origin, the geographical distribution of flora and fauna, natural laws, DNA, death and life, and failure of atheists to disapprove God. Bibliography Bialecki, Jon. â€Å"Does God Exist in Methodological Atheism? On Tanya Lurhmann’s When God Talks Back and Bruno Latour.† Anthropology of Consciousness 25, no.1 (Mar 2014): 32-52. Bray, Gerald. The Doctrine of God. Downers Grove. Nottingham: InterVarsity Press, 1993. Charnock, Stephen. The Existence and Attributes of God. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1979. Clanton, Caleb. â€Å"The Structure of C. S. Peirce’s Neglected Argument for the Reality of God: A Critical Assessment.† Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 50, no.2 (June 2014): 175-200. Feinberg, John. No One Like Him. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001. Froese, Paul, and Christopher Bader. America’s Four Gods. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010. Helseth, Paul, William Craig, Ron Highfield, and Gregory Boyd. Four Views on Divine Providence. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011. Gebauer, Jochem, Humboldt-Università ¤t Berlin, and Gregory Maio. â€Å"The Need to Belong Can Motivate Belief in God.† Journal of Personality 80, no.2 (May 2012): 465-501. Kraay, Klaas, and Chris Dragos. â€Å"On preferring God’s non-existence.† Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43, no. 2(Aug 2013): 157-178. McCormack, Bruce. Engaging the Doctrine of God: Contemporary Protestant Perspectives. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008. Mion, Giovanni. â€Å"God, ignorance and existence.† International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 72, no. 2(Jan 2012): 85-88. Van Til, Cornelius. In Defense of the Faith. Phillipsburg, NJ: P R Publishing, 2008. Vanhoozer, Kevin. Nothing Greater, Nothing Better: Theological Essays on the Love of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001. Warfield, Benjamin. Biblical and Theological Studies. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian Reformed Pub Co, 1952. Footnotes 1 Jon Bialecki, â€Å"Does God Exist in Methodological Atheism? On Tanya Lurhmann’s When God Talks Back and Bruno Latour,† Anthropology of Consciousness 25, no.1 (Mar 2014): 32. 2 Ibid, 34. 3 Bialecki, â€Å"Does God Exist in Methodological Atheism?†, 34. 4 Caleb Clanton, â€Å"The Structure of C. S. Peirce’s Neglected Argument for the Reality of God: A Critical Assessment,† Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 50, no.2 (June 2014): 175. 5 Benjamin Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian Reformed Pub Co, 1952), 64. 6 Giovan ni Mion, â€Å"God, ignorance and existence†, International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 72, no. 2(Jan 2012): 85. 7 Mion, â€Å"God, ignorance and existence†, 87. 8 Kevin Vanhoozer, Nothing Greater, Nothing Better: Theological Essays on the Love of God (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), 17. 9 Gerald Bray, The Doctrine of God. Downers Grove (Nottingham: InterVarsity Press, 1993), 43. 10 Clanton, 178. 11 Cornelius Van Til, In Defense of the Faith (Phillipsburg, NJ: P R Publishing, 2008) 62. 12 Jochem Gebauer, Humboldt-Università ¤t Berlin and Gregory Maio, â€Å"The Need to Belong Can Motivate Belief in God,† Journal of Personality 80, no.2 (May 2012): 468. 13 Bray, The Doctrine of God. Downers Grove, 52. 14 Klaas Kraay, and Chris Dragos, â€Å"On preferring God’s non-existence,† Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43, no. 2(Aug 2013): 158. 15 Paul Helseth, William Craig, Ron Highfield, and Gregory Boyd, Four Views on Divine Providence (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011), 18. 16 , John Feinberg, No One Like Him (Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001), 12. 17 Kraay and Dragos, â€Å"On preferring God’s non-existence,† 160. 18 Bruce McCormack, Engaging the Doctrine of God: Contemporary Protestant Perspectives (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008) 36. 19 Paul Froese and Christopher Bader, America’s Four Gods (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010), 46. 20 Stephen Charnock, The Existence and Attributes of God (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1979), 15. This research paper on Understanding the Creator of all Things was written and submitted by user Juliet E. to help you with your own studies. 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Urdu Language Urdu Essay Example

Urdu Language Urdu Essay Example Urdu Language Urdu Paper Urdu Language Urdu Paper The term Urdu and its origin The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu language developed between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into present day Urdu. It is for this reason that Urdu is also referred to as Lashkari Zaban or language of the army. During its development Urdu language also assumed various names like the term Urdu-e-Maullah meaning the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian words) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu poetry. History and Evolution of Urdu Language Urdu arose in the contact situation which developed from the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by Turkic dynasties from the 11th century onwards, first as Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid empire conqueredPunjab in the early 11th century, then when the Ghurids invaded northern India in the 12th century, and most ecisively with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian . Muzaffar Alam asserts that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and ocial factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. However, the armies, merchants, preachers, Sufis, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and the medieval Hindu literary language, Braj Bhasha. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as Haryanvi, Panjabi, and in the 17th century Khariboli, the dialect of the new capital at Delhi. By 1800, Khariboli had become dominant. The language went by several names over the years: Hindawi or Hindi, [language] of India; Dehlavi of Delhi;Hindustani, of Hindustan; and Zaban-e-Urdu, the language of he [army] camp, from which came the current name of Urdu around the year 1800. When Wali Mohammed Wali arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a register called Rekhta, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi S ultanate expanded south to the Deccan Plateau, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect of Urdu. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made coofficial along with English in the British Raj. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This Hindi replaced traditional Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of Urdu for Muslims and Hindi for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence from the British, though there are Hindu poets who ontinue to write in Urdu to this day. Although there have been attempts to purge Urdu and Hindi, respectively, of their Sanskrit and Persian words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and Sanskrit for Hindi, this has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit. English has exert ed a heavy influence on both as a co official language. Official status Urdu is the national and one of the two official languages of Pakistan, the other eing English, and is spoken and understood throughout the country, while the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages. It is used in education, literature, office and court business. It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, andPunjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language in Pakistan. Urdu is also one of the officially recognised languages in India and has official language tatus in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,[32] Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir and the national capital, New Delhi. In Jammu and Kashmir, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution provides: The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the Eng lish language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution. As of 2010, the English language continues to be used as an official language for more than 90% of fficial work in Kashmir. There are ongoing efforts to make Kashmiri and Dogri, spoken as mother tongues by nearly 80% of the population of Indian-administered Kashmir, as official languages alongside English. The importance of Urdu in the Muslim world is visible in the Holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, where most informational signage is written in Arabic, English and Urdu, and sometimes in other languages. Importance: Urdu is one of the most popular languages which are having a history of hundreds of years back. Urdu language got lots of preferences in various historical aspects. Urdu is considered as the language used by many ancient kings and it was the only language for communication in certain regions of ancient kingdoms. Ancient regions of Persian kingdom were the main areas of Urdu language. Years after Urdu language have been spread to India as one of the language in certain regions of India. In India Urdu language has been mostly used by the Muslim community. After that Pakistan has been divided from India and declared as an independent country for the Muslim community. As a result Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. Pakistan s considered as the birth place of Urdu poetry as Urdu is the main language of the common people in Pakistan. Urdu poetries are written in different forms by various experienced Urdu poets. Among the various forms of Urdu poetries Ghazal plays an important role which is a popular art form around all over the world. Ghazal has certain rules in its writing and one of the main rules is that Ghazal should end with the same words used for its starting and this rule is called ‘Radeef’. Gair Muraddaf Ghazals are a variety of Ghazals which doesn’t have a radeef. Ham Radeef Ghazals are those Ghazals with same radeef. Urdu Ghazal is an important form of Ghazal which is very much popular all over the world. Importance of urdu in pakistan Urdu holds the status of the national language of Pakistan. It is also the official language of the country and the post is also shared by English. It is understood all over the country and is the best medium of communication anywhere in the country. Urdu has been in the region since the 11th century. The rulers of that time urged the population to learn how to read and write Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language and is derived from three different languages which are Arabic, Turkish and Persian. The letters used in Urdu language are similar to the ones used in Arabic and Persian (Farsi) language. Though the letters are the same but the dialect and accent differs a lot. The word Urdu means army. In old times the armies in this region comprised of people from different nationalities. All had different languages and could not understand each other. A language was required which could be understood by all. Urdu emerged as the medium that linked all and was understood by all. According to different researches carried out, Urdu is not only spoken in Pakistan but also in many other parts of the world. It is one of the 23 official languages of India. It is widely spoken in Bangladesh and also in many gulf countries. There are also hundreds and thousands of Urdu speakers in the European countries and Americas. In Pakistan not more than 8% people have their first language as Urdu but the rest of the population speaks and understands Urdu as the second language. The estimated number of native Urdu speakers in Pakistan is 10. 5 million and all over the world the figure is 50 million approximately. In Pakistan alone the people who understand and speak Urdu as the first or econd language is 104 million approximately. Urdu is included as a compulsory subject in the schools and colleges of Pakistan. Urdu poetry and literature is taught and given prime importance alongside English in the institutions. The Urdu literature has a rich history and it has seen very eminent and world renowned poets like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib. It is not only poetry but also a lot of Islamic litera ture and Sharia literature has also been written Urdu. It was even before many other languages that Sharia and Islamic literature was written and also translated in this language. Urdu has emerged as a binding force which has kept the people of Pakistan close to each other. National language A national language is a language (or language variant, i. e. dialect) which has some connection- de facto or de jure- with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country. C. M. B. Brann, with particular reference to Africa, suggests that there are four quite distinctive meanings for national language in a polity:[1] ?Territorial language (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect[2]) of a particular people ?Regional language (choralect) ?Language-in-common or community language (demolect) used throughout a country ?Central language (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Urdu theurdulanguage. com/Downfall. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_language

Cash Flows of Multinational Corporations Assignment

Cash Flows of Multinational Corporations - Assignment Example Forward contracts are very helpful if a party is looking for hedging. A party can also make currency option contracts to protect itself from fluctuating rates. A country has the option to adopt an exchange rate system of its choice. It looks to adopt the system that works best in achieving current account equilibrium. Exchange rates also influence inflation and interest rates of a country which is why the central banks seek some involvement to control the exchange rates. Q2 In the context of international trade, absolute advantage is the ability of a country to use a similar amount of resources as other countries and produce more of a product. On the other hand, comparative advantage is a country’s ability to produce more of a product than other countries at a lower opportunity cost. (Findlay, 1987) Suppose that there are two countries A and B. Country A produces the amount of wheat in 10 hours which is produced by country B in 15 hours. Also, country A produces that much rice in 10 hours which is produced in 15 hours in country B.  Now it is supposed that country B can produce one bushel of wheat in 5 hours and 1kg of rice in 10 hours. On the other hand, country A produces 1 bushel of wheat in 3 hours and 1kg of rice in 1 hour. Once again, country A is more productive than country B. However, for country B, the cost of producing one bushel of wheat is half kg of rice. For country A, the cost of producing one bushel of wheat is 3kg of rice. It means that the opportunity cost of the production of wheat is lower for country B than country A in terms of the kilograms of rice that are to be given up. Therefore, country B has a comparative advantage in producing wheat. Similarly, for country B, the cost of producing 1kg of rice is two bushels of wheat. For country A, the cost of producing 1kg of rice is one-third of a bushel of wheat. Hence, country A has a comparative advantage in the production of rice. Now, if the two countries decide to trade one bushel of wheat with 1kg of rice, country B can specialize in the production of wheat, while trading some with country A, and country A can specialize in the production of rice trading some of it to country B. Now, country B can shift the hours of producing rice to wheat which would result in the production of 2 bushels of wheat which can be exchanged for 2kg of rice. Similarly, country A can reallocate the hours used in the production of wheat to the production of rice hence resulting in the production of 3kg of rice which can be exchanged for 3 bushels of wheat. Therefore, both countries gain from trade where there is a comparative advantage. (Ricardo, 1821)

Review of asian art performance Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Of asian art performance - Movie Review Example Immediately the background vocalists finish singing BhÄ «ma comes and starts destroying the kadili groves. BhÄ «ma finally see Hanuman lying on the way. BhÄ «ma starts wondering who was blocking his way. To BhÄ «ma the person lying on the way looks like an old monkey.BhÄ «matries all he can,including threatening Hanuman but he is eventually unable to get Hanuman out of his way. This performance makes good use of dramaturgy and dance. This is a common characteristic of Indian classical dance forms. It can be seen that in most parts of the performance.The performers make good use of dancing and acting to bring forward the message that intended. It is only during the few occasions that the background singers can be heard coming into the performance with songs that are aimed at giving more details to the performance (Vatsyayan 78). It is through dancing and acting that you can actually get to know that Hanuman tries to imitate an old monkey and that that BhÄ «ma is highly offended by the fact that â€Å" an old fat monkey† lies on his way and refuses to heed to his orders despite that fact that he is royalty. The kind of performance seen in this video really show that the actors use physical stamina, skills, and concentration. It can also be noted that there is extensive use of finger gestures to communicate messages in this performance. Another notable thing about this performance is the choice of costume. Both actors receive different costumes so that their nature can be communicated. Hanuman wears a costume that is hairy at the arms so that there is the ease in associating him with a monkey. Another thing is that BhÄ «ma has attire that has been able to show his royalty.On his head he is wearing a crown and his gown has some golden accessories at the neck. These golden accessories can be said to have been purposely included in the costumes so that audience should be able to associate BhÄ «ma to affluence or royalty. Looking at the makeup used on both actors you

The length and resistance Essay Example for Free

The length and resistance Essay The aim of this investigation is to find out how changing the length of a piece of wire will affect its resistance. Prediction I think that increasing the length of a wire will increase its resistance. This is because in a conductive metal, the electrons in the outer shell of each atom are free to move around. An electrical current is where all these electrons are caused to move in the same direction through the metal. Resistance is the property of a substance that restricts the flow of electricity through it, and is often associated with heat. As the electrons are passing through the metal, they are constantly colliding with the atoms of the metal, causing their course to be slowed down. The collisions cause changes of direction which dissipate energy as heat, which is why more resistant metals heat up more than metals which let electrons pass through more easily. It is easier for electrons to pass through metals in which the atoms are small and far apart, because the free electrons can pass through with less collision to slow their path. It is most important for the metal to contain a lot of free electrons. Fewer collisions mean that less energy is transferred to heat: this is low resistance. As the length of the wire is increased, there will be more fixed atoms for the free electrons to collide with, thus slowing their course. The length of the wire and the resistance of the wire will be directly proportional. If you double the length of the wire, the resistance will also double. This is because there will be double the amount of atoms in the wire for the electrons to collide with. The fact that it would take twice as long for the electrons to pass through in a metal twice the length is of almost irrelevant consequence because electrons move close to the speed of light, and so there is no point in taking this into consideration. If the resistance of the material is increasing, then it will need an increasingly large force to push it through: This is the voltage. The resistance (R) is how much voltage (V) is needed to drive a given current (I). R = V/I Based on my prediction, I would expect my graph to look like this: Resistance (? ) is also equal to the resistivity of the wire(?cm) multiplied by its length(cm), and then divided by its cross sectional area(cm2). Resistance (? ) = resistance of the metal(? cm) x length(cm)   cross sectional area (cm2) The cross sectional area of the wire is constant, and so is the material I am using. It is only the length that will be changing, so as you can see from the formula, the length and resistance must be directly proportional. Planning My experiment shall be set up as follows: I shall use the following apparatus:  connecting wires The power supply will be permanently set to 2volts, but it is important to keep the amperage below 1A so that the wire does not overheat. We will do this using the rheostat. The nichrome wire has a resistivity of 103 x 10-6, and a diameter of 0. 2285mm (0. 02285cm). We have chosen nichrome wire because its properties are suitable for this experiment. It is quite easy to keep the amperage low, but the experiment must still be started with the length of wire that is long enough so that the amps are not too high, as otherwise, this would result in an increase in temperature which is not related to increased resistance. We have chosen to calculate the resistance of the wire in intervals of 5 cm, starting at 5cm, and going up to 70cm. All our decisions are based on a variety of pre- tests. Fair testing The key variables in this experiment are:   temperature   diameter   type of wire length of wire In order for this experiment to be fair, it is important that these variables are carefully monitored. Temperature: It is important that any change in temperature is a result only of resistance. To do this, the room temperature must be kept the same, and the current running through the wire must be kept below 1amp. If it were to exceed this limit, it would result in an increase in the vibrations of the atoms in the metal. This would cause the free electrons to collide more often with the fixed atoms and would cause an apparent increase in resistance that is not due to the change in the length of the wire. In order to prevent this from happening, we have used a rheostat: using this, we can keep the current very low. If desired, we could keep it at a constant, but this is not necessary. Diameter: The diameter of the wire will be kept constant throughout the experiment. This is important because it affects the overall area of the wire. The resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. The only way in which the area of the wire should be changed is in length. An increase change in diameter would affect the number of fixed atoms that the free electrons could collide with and would produce inaccurate results with regards to resistance. The smaller the diameter the better, as it will mean a smaller all-round area which will make it possible for more results to be taken, as the amperage would not have so great an effect on the wires temperature. Also, the larger the diameter, the easier it would be for the free electrons to flow through, just as water flows more easily through a wider pipe than a thinner one. Type of wire: All metals have different properties, and in order to make the test fair, the type of wire used must be kept the same. I have chosen to use nichrome as it has good properties which have been tested in the pre-test. It is also important to keep the wire straight, as this will make it easier to measure. Length of wire: The length of the wire is the variable that I shall be changing. I have chosen to do so in 5cm stages. It is very important that the wire is measured accurately, as otherwise the readings off the ammeter and voltmeter will not be as accurate as they could have been. To do this, we are using a ruler, but one problem that we are likely to encounter is the fact that is will be difficult to measure around the top of the rod on which the wire is fixed. So as not to get inaccurate readings, I am going to disregard the reading at 35cm, as that is the length that falls upon the end of the rod. Pre-test It is important to conduct a pre-test before doing the actually experiment. In this pre-test, I have tested 3 types of wire: nichrome, copper and Constantan, to which is most suitable for the experiment. I did the pre-tests on a computer program. Diameter I tested the three available metals using the computer program to find out how close to the maximum of 1 amp I could reach by adjusting the diameter of the wires. I want the amperage to be as close to 1 as possible because the amps will go down as I do the experiment, and I want to get a lot of results. The amps must not be above 1amp, because this would mean that the wire would get too hot, and the results would be inaccurate, as I have previously explained.

The Meaning of Abstract Art Essays -- essays research papers

There are generally two types of paintings- representational and abstract. While representational painting portrays recognizable objects, abstract painting does not look like a particular object. Instead, abstract art is made up of designs, shapes and colors. (http://www.harley.com/art/abstract-art/ ) The meaning of abstract art is, in its most simplified form, art that relies on the emotions of the artist and the elements of design rather than exact representation. This broad definition allows artists almost unlimited freedom of expression. Some abstract artists create compositions that have no precedent in nature. Other abstract artists work from nature and then interpret their subjects in a nonrepresentational manner. In other words, as found on Wikipedia by Answers.com, when abstract art represents the natural world, it â€Å"does so by capturing something of its immutable intrinsic qualities rather than by imitating its external appearance.† (http://www.answers.com/topic /abstract-art)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically, abstract art has existed for centuries, as Jewish and Islamic traditional forbids the use of representational art. (http://www.artelino.com/articles/abstract_art.asp) However, the roots of what we generally term â€Å"abstract art† can be traced to the Impressionism movement of the 1880s-1890s. Impressionism disregarded the notion that art was supposed to portray images. Post Impressionism continued this trend and placed more emphasis on the artist’s emotions and expression. Wassily Kandinsky and Kasimir Malevich were the first to really create works that were pure abstraction. Kandinsky was the founder of the Abstraction movement and even published a book detailing his theories on art and spirituality, On the Spiritual in Art. (http://www.artelino.com/articles/abstract_art.asp) Kandinsky created a series of pieces with numbered titles beginning with, â€Å"Improvisation† and â€Å"Composition.† (http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/ paint/auth/kandinsky/) These works were studies in color and line, without an emphasis on representation. While Kandinsky worked in Germany, Malevich spent much of his time in the Russian city of Vitebsk where he taught and founded the UNOVIS, which stood for â€Å"Affirmers of the New Art† and was founded to promote â€Å"collectivity in the creative process† and create a new way of teaching and creating art. (http://www.russianavantgard... ...tational designs and elements, his work can be considered some of the greatest examples of abstract art to date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leger, Boccioni and Rothko were all expressing their inner vision. Art is a form of creative expression. Abstract art allowed artists to push the boundaries of creative freedom by favoring design and emotion over representation. But, as the question is posed at paintings.name, â€Å"How free can art be?† (http://paintings.name/) The answer is clear. The only constraint placed by abstract art is that the works are generally nonrepresentational. The artists are free to explore their subjects from various perspectives, geometries and situations. Movement can be show like never before. Merely by adding abstract elements to their works, artists can increase their range. As paintings.name states, â€Å"Contemporary paintings no longer reflect a contraposition between abstract art and figurative art, but these styles either flow together in paintings by contemporary artists, or exist side by side in pure abstract paintings or pure figurative paintings.† (ht tp://paintings.name/) The meaning of abstract art is found in this freedom of choice and expression.

Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka

Introduction A business also called a company, enterprise or firm is a legally recognized organization, designed to provide goods and services to consumers. According to the purpose of the business, ownership of the business and nature of economic contribution of the business; the business can fall into one of the three standard sectors. There are; private sector, public sector and nonprofit sector. The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services is called public sector. In most countries the public sector includes such services as the military, public transit, primary education and healthcare. Their aim is to give service to the people and less emphasis is made on profit making. Public cooperation is the widely known type of public sector business entity. The non-profit sector is derived with organizations that do not distribute their surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead use them to help pursue their goals. Examples include charitable organizations, trade unions, and public arts organizations. In private sector, businesses are financed and controlled by individuals or private institutions, such as companies, stockholders, or investment groups. These businesses run for private profit and they are not controlled by the state or the government. There are many types of business entities defined in the private sector and authorized by the legal systems of various countries. These legal forms of business include; †¢ Sole Proprietorship †¢ Partnership (General Partnership, Limited Partnership and Joint Venture) †¢ Corporation (C Corporation and S Corporation) †¢ Limited Liability Company (Private and Public) These legal forms have been derived according to their Source of the capital, Value of capital investment, Nature of ownership, Number of owners, Nature of liability and many other factors. Each legal form has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. When making a decision about the type of business to form, there are several criteria you need to evaluate based on advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned legal forms. The most important fact is cost of formation of the business and cost of ongoing administration. This includes cost of record-keeping and paperwork, as well as the costs associated with administrative requirements. Legal liability is the next thing to be considered and it defines to what extent the owner need to be insulated from legal liability. Based on the individual situation and goals of the business owner, he has to consider what the available tax implications are because it is also an important factor. Finally the owner has to think about the future needs and whether the legal forms support flexibility feature. Sri Lanka Company Act, No. 7 of 2007 and Company Act, No. 17 of 1982 have defined Sri Lanka legal forms of organizations, which can be the choices for Sri Lankan business community when forming a new business. Legal Forms of business in Sri Lanka include; †¢ Sole Proprietorship †¢ Limited Liability Company (Private and Public) †¢ General Partnership Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship also known as a sole trader is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Sole proprietorships are forms of business ownership that mingle the owner's rights, liabilities and responsibilities with the business' rights, liabilities and responsibilities. Regardless of the state of the business, the procedures we need to follow to form a sole proprietorship are fairly simple, and do not even require an attorney, accountant, or business consultant. There are no legal requirements for establishing a sole proprietorship, other than obtaining the necessary local business license and permit. As the sole proprietor, owner has the full control and responsibility for the business and its operation and he makes all the decisions. With this type of business entity, owner has complete freedom over operating the business, because he is responsible for all transactions and activities occur in the business. All assets of the business are owned by the owner and all profits and all losses accrue to him. He is personally responsible for all debts of the business and must pay them from his personal resources. This means that the owner has unlimited personal liability for the business. Also, owner is less burdened by government restrictions and control, and he has less to do in terms of reporting and taxes. The main advantage of a sole proprietorship is that they are easy to start up and to close. The reason is, they are less expensive and also subject to fewer regulations compared to other types of businesses. Since the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions, sole proprietorship businesses are easy and inexpensive to discontinue. The second advantage is that the owner can take all the profits of the business and there is no profit sharing. This may be the most significant motivation for most businesses to become sole proprietorship type. At the same time, all losses accrue to the owner and he does not have the tension regarding conflicts among the partners as there are no partners. In sole proprietorship business type, the owner of the organization pays self employment taxes on the profits made. It makes tax filing much simpler and hence this can be considered as another advantage for sole proprietorship business type. Since this is not a corporation; it does not pay corporate taxes. The remarkable disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that the sole trader will likely have a hard time with raising capital since he has to make up for all the business's funds. He may have to use his own money or personal loan for the business. The next disadvantage is; the owner of the business has unlimited liability as he is responsible for the business's debts. As the business grows, the risks accompanying the business also tend to grow, and if the business is sued, owner and his personal assets are at risk. Sole proprietorship business type is very prominent in Sri Lanka, may be because form of the business is very straightforward. As a third world country with low rate of individual income, starting up a business with low capital is a very convenient factor for any Sri Lankan business person who is thinking of having an own business. There several home based business running in Sri Lanka such as; groceries, stationary shops, pharmacies, fashion stores and they can be categorized as sole proprietorship business, because they are owned by single person. Freelance writers, copy editors, photographers and craftspeople also have chosen to run their businesses as a sole proprietorship. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of sole proprietorship businesses, in terms of their contribution to the country’s development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance. Since Sri Lana is based on an agricultural economy, we can encourage more farmers to form their own sole proprietorship businesses to sell their goods, and this will reduce the terrible effects occurring from the intermediate business people. If farmers can sell their goods directly to consumers, they may be able to get full profit and it will encourage them to develop their business. This will ultimately lead to a high development in Sri Lanka’s economy as well as society. Limited liability Companies (LLC) A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business organization that combines some aspects of a corporation with those of a sole proprietorship or partnership. The primary characteristic a LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability; that is personal liability of company's members for the business's debts is limited. The primary characteristic LLC share with a partnership is the availability of pass-through income taxation; that is LLC is not taxed as a separate entity. Forming a LLC may not be as simple as a sole-proprietorship; however, the process is much less than a corporation. There are two main actions: †¢ Articles of Organization: Have to file articles of organization with the secretary of province and pay the required fees. Articles may be prepared by a lawyer. An LLC business entity may be file as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship in terms of tax return. †¢ Operating Agreement: Have to develop an operating agreement which helps to define the company profit sharing, ownership, responsibilities, and ownership changes An LLC may have one or more owners, and may have different classes of owners. If the LLC has a single member, it will be disregarded as separate from its owner, and will be treated as a sole proprietorship or a division of its owner, unless it elects to be taxable as a corporation. An LLC that is filed for taxation as a partnership can achieve both conduit tax treatment and limited liability protection under civil law and a LLC filed for taxation as a partnership does not have the ownership restrictions. An LLC is typically managed by its members, unless the members agree to have a manager handle the LLC’s business affairs. LLCs do not issue stock and are not required to hold annual meetings or keep written minutes. Generally, members of an LLC that are taxed as a partnership may agree to share the profits and losses in any manner. Members of an LLC receive profits and losses in the same manner as shareholders of a corporation. In general, all the owners and members are shielded from individual liability for debts and obligations of the LLC. The main advantage of LLC is that owners of the LLC have the liability protection of a corporation because it exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. Also members do not hold personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee, and this is a great relief for all the members. LLC can select varying forms of distribution of profits, unlike a common partnership where the split is 50-50. Hence flexible profit distribution is another advantage of LLC. The LLC business structure requires no corporate minutes or resolutions and is easier to operate. This can be pointed out as the next advantage of LLC. All the LLC business losses, profits, and expenses flow through the company to the individual members. So, it avoids the double taxation of paying corporate tax and individual tax. Generally, this flow through taxation will be a tax advantage. The most significant disadvantage of LLC is the limited life time of business. A LLC is dissolved when a member dies or undergoes bankruptcy whereas corporations can live forever. Business owners with plans to take their company public, or issuing employee shares in the future, may be not best served by choosing a LLC business structure, because going public is bit complicated with LLC. So this can be again a vital disadvantage of LLC structure. Running a sole-proprietorship or partnership will have less paperwork and complexity compared to LLC. So this added complexity also can be pointed out as a disadvantage of LLC structure. There are two major types of companies operating with limited liability status in Sri Lanka. ? Private Limited Companies ? Public Limited Companies Private Limited Companies A Private Limited Company, theoretically also refer to a private company limited by guarantee, is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries. Private limited companies are required to have the suffix â€Å"Limited† (often written â€Å"Ltd† or â€Å"Ltd. â€Å") or â€Å"Incorporated† (â€Å"Inc. â€Å") as part of their name. It has shareholders, but its shares may not be offered to the general public. This means that shares are usually sold to family, friends and business contacts. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested; that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder's personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company's insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private limited companies. One of the main advantages of Private Limited Company is, they are easy to set up because; the shares are sold among family, friends and business contacts. Limited liability is another advantage of a Private Limited Company. The shareholder's liability is limited to the value of the shares held by them. If things go wrong for the business, personal assets of a shareholder cannot be used to pay off the debts. Since boards of directors are usually the main share holders, the ownership and the control are closely connected. Therefore decisions can be taken more quickly and this can be pointed out as another advantage. A Private Limited Company has a separate legal existence. This means that properties will be owned by the company itself and all contracts would be signed on its behalf. The directors and secretary can only act as agents. Therefore the company is not dissolved on the resignation, bankruptcy or death of a director which is a vital advantage of Private Limited Company. The company can be dissolved only by winding up, liquidation or order of the Registrar of Companies or by the Court. When we think about advantages, tax benefits of Private Limited Company are also can be considered. The directors of the company are required to pay income tax but the company pays corporation tax on company profits which is one rate of tax only and averages out at much less than if income tax were paid on the profits. Though Private Limited Company has many advantages, there are some disadvantages which often deter small- and medium-sized business owners from setting up private limited companies. Many Private Limited Companies are very profitable. Unfortunately, these profits can become diluted because they must be evenly distributed among all shareholders, and many Private Limited Companies have up to 50 shareholders. So this becomes the major disadvantage of Private Limited Company. The next point that can be a vital disadvantage is shareholders in a Private Limited Company are not able to sell or transfer their shares to the general public. The 50 or so shareholders that comprise a Private Limited Company must keep their shares and cannot trade them on any stock exchange. A Private Limited Company can be quite complex to create, meaning that lawyers and accountants almost always need to be involved in the Private Limited Company from the start. This can be costly and hence a disadvantage. The importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy over the last 15 years has been tremendous. The opening up of Sri Lankan economy has led to free inflow of investments along with modern cutting edge technology, which increased the importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy considerably. Previously, the Sri Lankan market was ruled by the government enterprises but the scene in Sri Lankan market changed as soon as the markets were opened for investments. This saw the rise of the Sri Lankan private sector companies, which prioritized customer's need and speedy service. Most of the pioneering businesses in today’s Sri Lankan business world are categorized as Private Limited Companies. Some of the best examples are Richard Pieris & Company PLC; (One of the largest and most successful diversified business conglomerate), Abans Group – Abans Private Limited; (Represent world famous brands of household items), Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC; (Household durable company), ODEL (PVT) LTD; (Sri Lanka's foremost fashion gallery). Private Limited Companies are often considered the Sri Lanka's version of limited liability companies. This may be because; for many years, forming businesses with the family and friends has been a custom of Sri Lankans. There are many examples such as Perera and Sons (PVT) LTD; (One of Sri Lanka's foremost baker and caterer), H. Don Carolis & Sons (PVT) LTD; (Manufacturers of fine hand crafted wooden furniture), Ebert Silva Touring Co. Ltd; (pioneering Company in the travel and tourism industry) . These are consider as successful family businesses and categorized under Private Limited Company type businesses. To promote private sector domestic investments, the Sri Lanka government has recently brought the bank interest rates down from 20 percent to around 10 percent for borrowings. Public Limited Companies A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops) is a type of limited liability Company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries and it is permitted to offer its shares to the public. This means that Shares in a public limited company, can be traded on the Stock Exchange and can be bought by members of the general public. The Capital needed to start a Public Limited Company could come from two different sources; part of the money comes from a loan from the bank, and the rest comes from shares sold to the public, via the stock market. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested; that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder's personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company's insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. The dividend is paid out using the profits from a PLC. The profit of the public limited company is divided into percentages and is paid out to shareholders. There are many advantages of operating the business as a Public Limited Company, and of registering the company on the stock exchange. For example, equity capital obtained from an initial public offering is considered a permanent form of capital since there is no interest to be paid on the equity, and it is not repayable like debt. Funds generated by a public offering are, therefore, considered a relatively safe form of capital for a business and this can be pointed out as the main advantage of the Public Limited Company type. Going public can also allow a company the freedom and flexibility to spend capital, as it needs to finance its growth and further development, providing a solid financial base on which to build. This will be a vital motivate point for anyone who think to start a new business as Public Limited Company. Many companies use stock and stock option plans as an incentive to attract and retain talented employees. It is increasingly common to recruit and compensate executives with a combination of salary and stock. Stock can be instrumental in attracting and keeping key personnel. Public companies are more likely to receive the attention of major newspapers, magazines and periodicals. The proper use of press releases, interviews or news stories can increase investor awareness, shareholder value, and demand for the stock, sales and revenue. Once a company becomes public it has to disclose so much information to public on regular intervals. This includes share holding pattern, quarterly and annual financial statements, profiles of directors etc. So it can be pointed out as one of the disadvantage of Public Limited Company. In a Public Limited Company decisions take time is too long and it also can be a disadvantage. This is because implementation of any key decision is subjected to the approval by the board of directors elected by share holders. Shareholders in public companies expect a steady stream of income from dividends, which might mean that the business has to concentrate on short term objectives of creating a profit and this may be a vital disadvantage because it might be better to work on longer term objectives, such as growth and investment. The most significant disadvantage Public Limited Company has is the threat of takeover. This is because they are traded publicly and another company can buy up a large number of shares and they can then persuade other shareholders to join with them to vote in a new management team. The Sri Lankan stock market has become quite vibrant and booming, particularly as a result of the end of the war, and this was a vivid point for growth of Public Limited Companies. New companies made their public offerings and were oversubscribed during the first day itself. There is considerable demand for company shares in the market and we can see many giants companies have turned into Public Limited Companies. These companies represent banking, finance, insurance, healthcare, telecommunication, food, beverage and so many other sectors. Most important examples are; Commercial Bank of Ceylon Ltd; (Adjudged as the best bank in Sri Lanka), Janashakthi Insurance; (3rd largest general insurance company in Sri Lanka), Sri Lanka Telecom Ltd; (The premier telecommunication service provider in Sri Lanka), Cargills (Ceylon) Ltd; (Sri lanka's largest food network) and Nawaloka Hospitals Ltd; (Asia's largest and most trusted healthcare hospital). The end of the war has put Sri Lanka on the radar of global companies as a country with attractive investment proposition opportunities. As the issuances of shares by resident companies to foreign investors are permitted in terms of a general permission, many resident companies have issued their shares to foreign investors. They include; Lanka IOC; (75% of shares owned by Indian Oil Corporation) and Millenium IT; (Shares were bought by London Stock Exchange). General Partnerships A General Partnership is the most simplistic type of legal structure designed for the situation in which two or more people are collaborating in some type of business activity. The entities involved in a partnership can be individuals, corporations, or trusts. General partnerships are usually started with good friends or family. Starting up a new business is a huge risk and gigantic leap of faith. People who open up general partnerships need to trust each other and work well together. Even if the business does not need a lot of assets to start or operate, still it needs a lot of money to open up a business. General partnerships allow more than one individual to carry the financial burden. This is ideal and makes a business much easier to open. By default, the profits and losses generated by a General Partnership are shared equally among its partners. However, typically a partnership agreement is created to further define the rights, responsibilities, and duties of each partner, as well as the terms of perpetuity if one of the partners withdrawals from the partnership. Financial responsibility is shared equally among the partners, with each partner jointly and severally liable for all business debts and obligations which means that the partners are jointly liable for any and all legal claims against any of the partners. The taxation of a General Partnership is calculated at the individual level. General partnerships can be less expensive to form with a limited start up cost and it has a shared financial commitment, which can be consider as main advantages of this business type. Also it requires less paperwork and formalities which encourage people to form their businesses as general partnerships. General partnerships can thrive when each partner brings a specific strength to the business. If each partner takes on a defined role and there is general agreement on the business plan, goals, and visions from the outset, a partnership can be advantageous. Work can get done more quickly, and having several partners involved will increase the potential of acquiring resources and attracting backers. In the end, the success of such an endeavor depends largely on the personalities of the parties involved. General partnerships offer members the advantages of shared risk and total control over the transactions of the business. One of the most significant benefits of a General Partnership is simplified tax filing, since no corporate forms or double taxation is required. As a pass-through tax entity, this form of business pays no direct tax instead its individual owners carry the tax burden However, the wide array of disadvantages of a General Partnership is what makes it arguably one of the worst organizational business structures available. Because of the lack of corporate structure, a General Partnership does not establish any kind of separate business entity from the partners. This means that the partners are totally unprotected from any litigation against the business, and their personal assets can be seized at any time to cover the unmet obligations of the business. Even worse, each partner is liable for the actions of the others on behalf of the business. So if one of the partners was to execute an agreement without the knowledge of the others, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that agreement. The same is true for credit obligations. If any of the partners secure credit on behalf of the business, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that debt. In addition, without a Partnership Agreement, there is no guarantee of perpetuity for a General Partnership if one of the partners dies, becomes disabled, or withdrawals from the business. For these and other reasons, general partnership agreements should be drawn up carefully with legal counsel, and signed by all partners. Additionally, there should be a means in place of dissolving the partnership in the case of death, disability, or if one partner should want out of the business for any other reason, personal or professional. Sri Lanka, as a country with low individual income, general partnership would be an idle business type because it gives you pool of resources and financial encouragement to start a new business. Since family businesses are very famous in Sri Lanka, anyone can get together with his family and friends to form the business. Since each partner has a vital contribution to the business, skills and abilities of them will guide the business to success. There are several businesses in Sri Lanka, engaged in all types of sectors such as; grocery, pharmacy, restaurant, book shop and laundry; which can be categorized into general partnership business type. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of general partnership businesses, in terms of their contribution to the country’s development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance.